Can the preparation of non-christian parents for infant baptism be Essay

Can the preparation of non-christian parents for infant baptism be used as a tool of mission engagement - Essay Example as a possible tool for mission engagement, depending on how it is used and how the religious leaders can utilize its potential for spreading God’s word. This paper shall consider the question: can the preparation on non-Christian parents for infant baptism be used as a tool of mission engagement? It shall assess and evaluate this question from the point of view of a student placing himself in a position of a Methodist student minister on placement. An unchurched couple approached this student Methodist minister for the infant baptism of their child. The couple did not come to the church, but they approached the local Methodist minister for the baptism of their child. The task now is to determine how baptism can be used as a tool for mission engagement. The preparation of non-Christian parents for infant baptism can be used as a tool of mission engagement because the principles and the concepts behind baptism can be used to make the unchurched couple understand about Christianity and its teachings. As a Methodist minister, I can explain the process and the teachings behind baptism. In the process of explaining baptism – its teachings and purposes – it is possible to engage the couple into participating more in church activities and in living by the teachings of Christ. First and foremost, I can explain the basis of baptism to the couple. Infant baptism, based on several Christian sects proclaims that â€Å"both believers and their children are included in God’s covenant love. Children of believers are to be baptized without undue delay, but without undue haste† (Presbyterian, n.d). It is important for me, as a Methodist minister to express to the unchurched couple that Baptism is a sacrament which expres ses the truth about God’s infinite and unconditional love; and a sacrament which already embraces people even before they respond in faith. It is also vital for me to emphasize to the unchurched couple that as parents bring their babies to

The Future World System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Future World System - Essay Example According to realists, anarchy and polarity are the two types of systems dominant on the globe today. Anarchy refers to a situation in which the state holds the ultimate power and authority. Polarity is concerned with the number of sates that exercise power over other states in the international arena states (Haas 235). The liberals are of the thought that the international system is anarchical in which individual states act out of self-interest in an effort to preserve their sovereignty (Haas 55). On their part, radicals view the international system as being characterized by stratifications pitting the haves and the have-nots against one another (Haas 251). This stratification is brought about by the availability of resources in individual states, whereby the states with a lot of resource exercise power over those with limited resources. Constructivists differ with the other theorist by asserting that international relations are not characterized by material resources, but rather by social norms (Haas 235). Polarity is a type of international relations system that is advanced by realists who argue that international politics are controlled by a certain number of states where power is concentrated, allowing these states to exert power over inferior states (Arreguin-Toft & Mingst 243). As such, there exist three forms of polarity that exist in international relations. A unipolar system is characterized by a situation in which a single state has absolute power over international politics. Currently, the United States is considered the most powerful state in the world, meaning that the international arena is unipolar. When two rival states are fairly equal and exercise the same level of influence over international affairs, then the international system is considered as bipolar. A perfect example of a bipolar system is the state of affairs after World War II which set the United States against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In a multipolar

Anti Abortion Argumentative Paper Philosophy Essay

Anti Abortion Argumentative Paper Philosophy Essay Don Marquis once made the statement, The loss of ones life is one of the greatest losses one can suffer. The loss of ones life deprives one of all the experiences and enjoyments that would otherwise have constituted ones future. In todays society one of the ongoing questions is when is it right to take the life of another being, more specifically an unborn child. Abortion is mentally and physically damaging for a woman and her fetus. It should not be legal for distinct reasons. These distinct reasons are there are many risks associated with abortion, there are other options rather than getting an abortion and abortion is murder. There are alternative choices instead of getting an abortion. The first and most effective option is not to have sex. The second option is to have the baby and let others care for it. There are companies designed to help find homes for children without proper parents. The third option is to have the baby and put him or her up for adoption. This can provide a solution to couples facing infertility. Abortion is unnecessary due to these alternatives and others. Second, mental and physical health risks are associated with abortions. A patient may experience hemorrhaging, infection, or death. The most common risk of getting an abortion is breast cancer. During a womans first pregnancy, the breast structure is permanently changed. It seems apparent that cancerous changes occur more frequently among these transitional cells of a woman who has terminated her pregnancy. If she aborts more than once before completing a pregnancy, her chance for cancer increases even more. There are 1.6 million abortions each year; 56% are first abortions and 44% are second or more (Stotland 56). With these figures, one in ten women may develop breast cancer, and 25% of them may die (Stotland 63). However, there are not only physical risks to abortion, but mental risks also. Some women feel relief after an abortion, but many suffer Post Abortion Stress. The symptoms of Post Abortion Stress include anger, guilt, flashbacks, sexual dysfunction, suicidal ideas, halluc ination, and increased drug or alcohol use. These facts alone are evidence that abortions are too dangerous for a woman and her child. Third, abortion is murder because the fetus is a well-developed organism before the abortion takes place. Within the first three weeks, the heart is pumping blood, arms and legs bud, and brain is present. Within a month, the mouth, ears, and nose are present. Brainwaves can be recorded and heartbeat detected at forty days and the skeleton is formed. During this period, the brain is controlling the movement of muscles and organs and the unborn reflexively responds to stimuli. This all takes place before the earliest surgical abortions are performed. Many also believe that because the fetus is not living, it does not experience pain. The babys spinal reflexes are sufficiently developed to feel pain around week seven. Mother Theresa said, The greatest destroyer of peace is abortion because if a mother can kill her own child, what is left for me to kill you and you to kill me? There is nothing between. If we have no peace, it is because we have forgotten that we belong to each other. Murder is defined as deliberately killing another person not in self-defense or without any other extenuating circumstance recognized by the law. Abortion is killing another person and abortion is not in self-defense. Abortion is murder and takes the life of another human being. Abortion is murder and should be illegal in the United States of America. Anti-Thesis Every woman in the world should have the right to decide how to carry their beings. No government should feel that they have the right to dictate to a person what road their lives should take. Those claiming pro-life are really no more than anti-choice. These pro-lifers crave to put the future of women into the hands of the government. Abortion, and any medical decisions women make, are very private and should never be available for debate. The question of morality cant be a valid argument concerning abortion, because it is not of morality but of option and constitutionality. A common assumption is that people who are pro-choice are actually pro-abortion. Many people that support womens rights could be personally against abortions. That does not mean that they allow the government to pass laws directing what women do with their bodies. Those who are pro-choice simply believe that it is the right of a woman to assess her situation and decide if a baby will benefit or be devastating to her live. People that are opposed to abortion dont take a many things into consideration. For one, consider how the life of a teenager may be ruined if an abortion is not available. Another thing not assessed is the severe family trauma that will result if a baby is forced, by law to be born. Those opposing abortion are unwavering with their ideas and believe that they have a solution to every situation. Pregnant? Try adoption! They will help you support the baby. What ever the womens situation may be, the conservative will not bend. Many suggest adoption as a practical alternative to abortion. But, in reality, this is not a decent substitute. The majority of middle class white couples that are willing to adopt do not want to adopt the mixed race babies (which are the majority put up for adoption). Why else would there be a waiting list for couples to be held in for a few years when there are so many other kinds of babies out there? Would those to claim to have a heart and save a life like these unwanted children grow up as wards of the state, living a life of distress and misfortune? To all of those fighting for laws that will make abortion against the law: do you really think that the law will stop a woman from carrying out with the abort of an unwelcome pregnancy? Drugs are illegal and there plenty of people out there still using. The only thing a law against abortions will achieve will be forcing pregnant women to seek medical attention in unsafe situations, leaving them with not only in the termination of the pregnancy, but perhaps their own lives as well. For a prime example when abortion was prohibited in the 1940s, there were still cases of women seeking help elsewhere. The only alteration though, is that these women typically ended up dead because of hemorrhaging or infection. Bottom line, if a woman wants an abortion, illegal or legal, nothing will get in her way. Why would pro life people, who allegedly put so much significance in life, want to jeopardize the live of another person? Dont get me wrong, if legal abortion is banned, some abortions may be prevented. A woman may not be able to fund an alley-way, black market abortion and would have to deliver. This will be quite unfortunate. Naturally, Mother would be depressed, and in all actuality not deliver the proper care, may drink, do drugs, or any other thing she could do to harm the life of the baby and herself. Post delivery, the mother could very well resent the baby, realizing that it has trashed her chance of ever carrying out her objectives in life. If these women mandated into maternity do happen to keep their child, there is a significant chance of child abuse and neglect. These surplus kids, raised by the state or disregarding parents, would then give birth to yet the next generation of unwanted children. Moreover, in some desperate and impulsive situations, new mothers may become inconsolable, having the idea that since they could not have an abortion they will kill their baby right after birth, thinking they would get away with it and continue on with there lives before the whole wrenched scene. After all of these scenarios are considered fairly by an open-minded person, abortion is the better of them. Many of those who are pro life argue that any of these situations are preferable to abortion. They ultimate goal, they think, is to have the child be alive. They claim that it is unfair and unjust for anyone to take that choice of life away from the fetus. Essentially, what they really want is to take the choice away from the mother and give it to the unborn child, giving them this wonderful prospect to be brought into a loveless, forlorn, and cold so ciety. Synthesis

Cooking as a Social Function Essay -- Women Economics Culture Essays

Cooking as a Social Function In Women and Economics, Charlotte Perkins Gilman directly addressed the notion of work divided along sexual lines. Her analysis, however, refutes the modern idea that the sexual divisions of labor are driven by a comparative advantage to working in the household or in the market. In spite of some overtones of biological essentialism in her argument, in the form of the abundant nature metaphors, Gilman ultimately proposed a society where the household work and the market are indistinguishable from one another. Though it is a small part of her argument in the text, Gilman’s discussion of cooking as woman’s work encompasses much of the complexity and the essence of her arguments. Gilman, though she did not term it as such, addressed the idea of comparative advantages in the household rather directly. â€Å"The main justification for the subjection of women, which is commonly advanced, is the alleged advantage to motherhood resultant from her extreme specialization to the uses of maternity under this condition† (Gilman 169). She countered this argument by first rejecting it on the ground that â€Å"the advantage to motherhood cannot be proved† and secondly by arguing that it is not maternal tasks that women are subjected to, but rather â€Å"the uses of sex-indulgence† (169). This idea of â€Å"sex-indulgence† is the core of her argument as she sees household tasks as inherently conflated with men and women’s sexual relationships. In considering the issue of â€Å"our division of labor on sex-lines, Gilman focused on the complexities involved with â€Å"the preparation and serving of food† (225). Once the notion that women are somehow inherently better at making food than men, the idea of women cooking in the ho... ...still has some choice in selecting the particular establishment to live in, it removes much of the onus of responsibility off of the woman and onto the living establishment. While Gilman’s vision of what she saw as coming to pass in the near future has not yet arrived, her arguments are still operating against contemporary notions of women in the household. Modern microeconomic models of household production still rely on the idea that women are somehow biologically fitted to â€Å"the preparation and serving of food and the removal of dirt, [and] the nutritive and execrative processes† (Gilman 225). As a result, her arguments seem striking over a century since they were written. References Gilman, C. (1998). Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.

University of California diet test

University of California conducted an experimental diet test on three-day-old chicks to determine the % of iron consumed and excreted. The diet low in protein (5. 4%, 8. 5% or 10. 8%) or tryptophan (0. 12%) with adequate iron caused a certain percentage of reduction in growth and also resulted in anemia with the deficiency of protein or trypotophan whereas diet low in glycine (0. 33%) with adequate iron indicated reduction in growth and did not cause anemia.Malnutrition is a combination of medical and social disorder that is affecting one in every three persons resulting in chronic diseases and illnesses which includes all age groups of people. 70% of children in Asia, 26% in Africa and 4% in Latin America are affected with protein-energy malnutrition (WHO 2000). Complete eradication of malnutrition is possible with good systems of sanitation, abundant food supply, medical aid and self-employment programs to adequately support poor people financially to take good care of health of pa rents and particularly of children.Protein is a source of energy for living species and particularly according to RDA recommendation, every person must carry 0. 8 grams of protein for every kilogram of weight one weighs or 0. 36 grams per pound one weighs. Proteins contain twenty amino acids out of which nine are important which are necessarily must be available in food/diet. Conclusion Protein calculation should be according to the age, physical activity and exhaustion (burn) of calories. E. g. egetarian male 25-50 yrs requires 2900 calories/day. Protein need is 79 kg x 1gm of protein per kg = 79gms of protein per day. Although meat is rich in protein vegetarian diet is available in various forms viz. ,green leafy vegetables, pulses, nuts, milk, bread, rice, tofu, soya milk and butter. Vegetarian diet is easily digestible, quick in conversion to protein-energy whereas non-vegetarian is a hard-diet and it requires repetitive check to keep the meat healthy and edible for cooking.

Jonathan Livingstone Seagull Essay

After reading on Jonathan Livingstone seagull, write down reflective value and believe about the meaning and purpose of life. Jonathan Livingston Seagull is about a very independent bird, who dared to question what was being taught and told to him by the elders. He didn’t just want to spend his days searching for food and hanging out doing what was expected of him. He was different, and dared to dream. He spent his days learning to fly faster and better than any other gull in the flock. He learned from all of his searching and trying that he could do anything, if he wanted it badly enough and just went for it, even to the point of becoming an outcast. At one point in time, in so learning and perfecting his craft, he crash landed and died, going onto a higher lever of his awareness, to learn more lessons from his guide, Fletcher. He continues through the story, becoming more and more proficient in his endeavours and in turn becomes a teacher/guide to others, becoming a kind and loving soul along the way. Jonathan Livingston Seagull is a bird who wants nothing more than to fly. Raised in a group of gulls that saw flying as only a means to an end, Jonathan challenged their way of life by believing that flying could be about more than transportation or getting food†¦ it could be about joy and happiness and freedom. When told he was irresponsible for trying exceed his expectations Jonathan replied: â€Å"Who is more responsible than a gull who finds and follows a meaning, a higher purpose for life? For a thousand years we have scrabbled after fish heads — and now we have a reason to live — to learn, to discover, to be free! † An outcast from his flock, Jonathan took his exile with a grain of salt, finding joy in his love for flight and his constant desperate desire to grow and to learn. He pushes himself to the breaking point and is never satisfied enough with his knowledge and never tires of the quest to obtain more. Bach gives us a character that stands alone with his ideas and beliefs and is rewarded for his patience and courage. The second half of the book shows Jonathan learning so much that he transcends his earthly form into a higher plane of being. Here, Jonathan is met with other gulls who like him, strive for excellence and do not see flying as a means to an end, but simply love to fly for the sake of loving it. This part begins to reflect a bit of the Buddhist mindset about heaven and a universal knowledge which can seem a bit confusing at first. Jonathan finally returns to his flock on Earth to try for better or worse to show that there is more to life than what they are striving for. This is a fable about the importance of making the most of our lives, even if our goals run contrary to the norms of our flock, tribe or neighbourhood. Through the metaphor of flight,Jonathan’s story shows us that, if we follow our dreams, we too can soar. Amazing inspiring story of seagulls. It tells us nothing is impossible in this world. You just have to have the desire to achieve it.

Algae Biology Lab Report Essay Example

Algae Biology Lab Report Essay Example Algae Biology Lab Report Paper Algae Biology Lab Report Paper Theoretical Background: Plantlike Protests: commonly referred to as algae have organelles called chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll that help them carry out photosynthesis are authors therefore they use photosynthesis for nourishment there is 4 different phyla: solenoids, chromospheres, diatoms, and tintinnabulations these algae can be given a variety of colors because they have accessory pigments that absorb light Hypothesis: If organisms are in the kingdom Prosiest, then they share common structures. Materials: 3 microscope slides water 1 sample of Volvo 1 sample of euglena 1 sample of Spirogyra 3 cover slips 3 medicine droppers 1 microscope 1 piece of paper Procedure: 1. Using the first medicine dropper, take a sample of euglena and place it on the first microscope slide. 2. Place a cover slip over the sample of euglena and onto the slide. 3. Observe the euglena slide under the low power objective first. 4. Sketch the euglena and note observations. 5. Observe the euglena under the high power objective and note observations at this higher magnification. 6. Darken half of the viewing field by placing paper ever the microscopes light source or by rotating the diaphragm. 7. Prepare a wet slide mount for the sample of Spirogyra by repeating steps 1-2. 8. Observe the Spirogyra under scanning, low power and high power, then note the observations. 9. Sketch the Spirogyra. 10. Prepare a wet slide mount for the Volvo. 11. View the Volvo under scanning and low power. 12. Sketch the Volvo. Results: The drawings of the three samples of algae are stapled to this lab on a separate piece of paper. Analysis: Under the microscope, the Volvo appeared as small, light green spheres with spikes on them. It moved around in a quick, bouncy way, while rotating. The Spirogyra were long shapes with small blobs inside of them. The euglena was a blob shaped organism with smaller shapes inside of it. It moved slightly and slowly. We were able to identify the chloroplasts and the sexpot. Conclusion: The hypothesis was proven true. Organisms in the kingdom Prosiest share many common structures. First off, all protests are eukaryotic; therefore, they have a nucleus. Plantlike protests contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. Some algal protests use tail-like flagella in order to move around their watery environment.

Free Essays on Donatello

English/ Western Civilizations 10 Pre-IB April 15, 2002 Donatello and His Art Revolution â€Å"Our Glory is all the greater since we, with neither precursors nor models, are creating arts and sciences of a kind never seen or heard of before† (Alberti qtd. in Poeschke). In the Early Renaissance, artists and scholars were incorporating the values and ideals of Ancient Rome and Greece into the growth that became important concepts of the High Renaissance. Donatello made his own place during a time when sculpture was in transition from Gothic traditionalism to classical realism. During the Gothic period, art and sculpture depicted Christian ideas. In Donatello's lifetime (1386? -1466), the patrons of sculpture were still primarily interested in church purposes, but the new trends in style were being influenced by realism. This stylistic realism drew strongly from classical forms to depict human endeavors and emotions. Donatello developed artistic trends appearing at the time by expanding on the humanistic qualities, mastering the depiction of realistic expressio n and perspective in his sculptures, and refusing to compromise his ideals for the sake of conventional patrons. The church’s hold on daily life and thought was changing. Even though Donatello was not the only influential artist of the time, some others were Nanni di Banco, Ghiberti, and Brunelleschi; Donatello led them in revolutionizing the ideals of art. In conformance to virtually every other aspect of Renaissance culture, Donatello was a humanist. Webster tells us that humanism is the â€Å"[...] study of classical Greek and Latin literature and culture during the Middle Ages and was one of the factors giving rise to the Renaissance [...] characterized by an emphasis on human interests rather than on the natural world or religion†(707). Donatello did first hand research of the Ancient Roman styles. After his friend, Brunelleschi, lost the compe... Free Essays on Donatello Free Essays on Donatello English/ Western Civilizations 10 Pre-IB April 15, 2002 Donatello and His Art Revolution â€Å"Our Glory is all the greater since we, with neither precursors nor models, are creating arts and sciences of a kind never seen or heard of before† (Alberti qtd. in Poeschke). In the Early Renaissance, artists and scholars were incorporating the values and ideals of Ancient Rome and Greece into the growth that became important concepts of the High Renaissance. Donatello made his own place during a time when sculpture was in transition from Gothic traditionalism to classical realism. During the Gothic period, art and sculpture depicted Christian ideas. In Donatello's lifetime (1386? -1466), the patrons of sculpture were still primarily interested in church purposes, but the new trends in style were being influenced by realism. This stylistic realism drew strongly from classical forms to depict human endeavors and emotions. Donatello developed artistic trends appearing at the time by expanding on the humanistic qualities, mastering the depiction of realistic expressio n and perspective in his sculptures, and refusing to compromise his ideals for the sake of conventional patrons. The church’s hold on daily life and thought was changing. Even though Donatello was not the only influential artist of the time, some others were Nanni di Banco, Ghiberti, and Brunelleschi; Donatello led them in revolutionizing the ideals of art. In conformance to virtually every other aspect of Renaissance culture, Donatello was a humanist. Webster tells us that humanism is the â€Å"[...] study of classical Greek and Latin literature and culture during the Middle Ages and was one of the factors giving rise to the Renaissance [...] characterized by an emphasis on human interests rather than on the natural world or religion†(707). Donatello did first hand research of the Ancient Roman styles. After his friend, Brunelleschi, lost the compe...

A Study On Peoples Skill During The Social Engineering Of The Digital Age And Owning The Box

A Study On People's Skill During The Social Engineering Of The Digital Age And Owning The Box Social Engineering and Owning the Box I once worked as a Security guard for Quebecor World in Lincoln, NE. Nothing glamorous by any means, but unique in the fact that my 5.75 an hour rent-a-cop security guard job required me to go through a 1 month background check complete with credit record and criminal record pulls, interviews with the State Patrol, and multiple inquiries into my previous employment history. Why would this be necessary for such a mundane job? Who cares about the criminal background of a security guy on third shift at a printer? Quebecor prints, among other things, AOL CDs and pre-approved credit card applications and has at any time several hundred thousand names, addresses, phone numbers, credit card numbers, and social security numbers in (relatively) plain view. The dumpsters are locked outside. A special shredder devours waste paper into confetti pieces smaller than the end of an infants little fingernail, and then shreds them again. Not that these precautions are not a good start, but in about 10 minutes, an employee inside with a grudge or someone with access to some money can enlist the help of a for profit company to reconstruct paper shreddings into a semblance of the original document or just walk out of the facility outright with thousands of peoples private lives in their hands. Noticed anything unusual in your credit report lately? In this paper I researched social engineering. I examine a bit of its history, designate it as a non-technical means of obtaining information about and ultimately entry into a computer information system, I looked at two prominent old school social engineers. I then describe some basic precautions that are effective no matter what level of information system is employed. Social engineering, and its related type of information attack dumpster diving, is IT slang for using non-technical means to compromise an information system. It is one of the most interesting aspects of computer network security and most effective means of intrusion because the human element of computing will never go away. Someone must design the systems, implement, train, and ultimately use them. Even with the science-fiction horror stories of computer gone amuck we will always have humans at terminals somewhere, sometime; thus any computers information is vulnerable to a psychological attack. The gray goo scenario of Eric Drexler (famous for saying that smart, microscopic computers could take over the earth), though a possibility in the future, is not possible at this time because of the current limitations of technology. The author himself has stepped away from his landmark mid-80s theory as well, saying that he wishes hed never made the statement because of the immense impact i t has had on stifling new research into computer miniaturization. Social engineering is not a new intrusion technique. CERT/CC published an alert describing increased incidence of unauthorized entry attempts to computer systems in 1991. The explosion of the Internet amongst those former non-computer users made successful attempts all the more probable, a security issue that still occurs every day despite more than ten years of familiarity. Prior to the Internet, social engineering was evidenced in the cracking of the phone system with red and blue tone generator boxes, enabling the user to make calls to other locales (including across continents) while charging the costs to another extension. Sometimes the calls were charged to the phone company itself as a way of thumbing a nose at the establishment. The tone boxes themselves and their use did not require any personal contact since they could be built from plans that were freely accessible in cracker zines like 2600(named after the frequency of 2600HZ required to generate a call accept tone in ear ly ATT phone systems) and Phrack. The originators of the tone boxes needed to have an intimate knowledge of the phone system and how it operated from the local exchanges and on thorough the greater network. This knowledge was gleaned, when possible from dumpster diving (using personal information is not necessarily a crime even today if gotten from discarded manuals, receipts, internal memos, and other proprietary documents that have been disposed of and are outside the facility) and calling phone operators or engineers and posing as a member of some other part of the network claiming to need some sort of information. Some famous early phreakers did not have the stereotypical persona of crackers/hackers that seems to be prevalent in the media today, that of the technically talented nomadic loner, or the social misfit bent on some sort of hacktivism. Most of them were extremely intelligent people with few others to share their knowledge. A few were trained by our government for wartime and found their skills gave them a significant, though not very respected advantage over non-technical people, as is the case with John Draper a.k.a. Capn Crunch. Draper earned his name from his use of a toy whistle found in a cereal box that generated the 2600HZ tone necessary to fool the phone system. John popularized the use of this whistle, and became known by the hacker handle Capn Crunch. John became infamous, and was arrested in May 1972 for illegal use of the telephone companys system. He received probation, and then was arrested again in 1976, convicted on wire fraud charges because there were no other current laws under which he could be tried, and spent four months in Lompoc Federal Prison in California. Since then, he has held a variety of positions and given interviews on his experiences during the earliest days of long distance hacking. To his credit, Draper didnt single-handedly discover the vulnerability in the system, nor did he exploit it for much personal gain other than phone calls. There were, however, some phreakers that tried to use this technology, crude at the time, to play pranks that could have resulted in serious Na tional Security repercussions. One such touted phreak was a phone call to the then President Nixons bomb shelter in VA; another was (allegedly) a call to the Pope by Steve Wozniak. This was all possible because the phone system in the late 60s and early 70s was set up so that voice transmission and signal data was sent on the same line. To save money, ATT set their entire network to this 2600HZ standard. As the knowledge spread, the growing number of phone phreaks became a minor culture onto their own. They were able to train their ears to determine how the long lines routed their calls. Sympathetic (or easily social engineered) telephone company employees gave them the various routing codes to use international satellites and various trunk lines like expert operators. Phone company engineering information was also freely available at most major universities in the reference section since the engineering departments utilized the information in partnerships with the companies to help train new engineers. Once the phone company figured out what was going on, it immediately went to the major universities and red flagged their engineering manuals and removed them f rom circulation. The information was already out there, though, and until ATT updated their switching technology and proceeded to subpoena phreakers under the wire fraud act it continued sporadically into the early 80s. Another well knows social engineer needs almost no introduction. Arrested in February 1995 for allegedly stealing 300 million dollars worth of source code from victim companies, his charges were eventually lowered to 2 counts of computer fraud, wire fraud, impersonation, and misuse. Whatever one may think of hackers/crackers, at the time of Mitnicks capture the judicial system was unprepared to deal with the theft of intellectual property. As a result, Mitnick was held for 4.5 years in federal prison, 8 months of it in solitary confinement, because it was argued that he was an armed federal felon. (armed with a keyboard he posed a danger to the community.) The source code that he downloaded was soon made available to any user that requested it by SUN, so their claim of R D losses was deemed inadmissible. Kevin Mitnicks journey through the criminal system is disheartening at best for any computer user that wants to pursue a career in computer security or intrusion detection and response because many of the tools utilized to trace such activities can be used for illegal reasons. The governments case against him originally had 10 victims listed and 27 counts. Among those victims are Novell, Nokia, and SUN Microsystems- companies that suffered no losses , but because Mr. Mitnick had a cell phone by those providers at different times and because he had a Novell program on his computer they are listed in the same weight SUN. None of the 10 companies listed in his indictment have ever filed reports for the loss to shareholders with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Kevin Mitnick though technologically proficient, accomplished much of what he did by talking. Posing as employees of the phone company, various computer or other technology companies, and asking someone low in that companies hierarchy for seemingly unrelated bits of information (known now as N.O.R.A.- Non-observable Relationship Awareness) allowed him to gain super user access to most of the systems that he was eventually charged with tampering with. A really competent social engineer can make a target trust him or her to such an extent that the worker casually gives out sensitive internal information. It may not be a significant disclosure in and of itself, but the information gleaned by such manipulation can easily be combined with other small bits to produce a detailed and dangerous roadmap to organizational treasures. One way I worked on developing the skills of my craft, if I may call it a craft, was to pick out some piece of information I didnt really care about and see if I could talk somebody on the other end of the phone into providing it In Congressional testimony before Senators Lieberman and Thompson years later, Mitnick told them, I have gained unauthorized access to computer systems at some of the largest corporations on the planet, and have successfully penetrated some of the most resilient computer systems ever developed. I have used both technical and non-technical means to obtain the source code to various operating systems and telecommunications devices to study their vulnerabilities and their inner workings. The concept of social engineering is one that transcends computer model, operating system version, etc. Many computer types just dont understand it; in the same way they dont understand office politics. Bruce Schneier, a computer security consultant said by The Economist to be a security guru has this to say about the subject, Security is not a product, and its a process. Many security administrators look at network security as a technological problem rather than a social one. They approach it with the mindset of applying the latest firewalls, intrusion detection systems, access controls, and (sometimes) draconian user policies in hopes of preventing an attack or possible loss of proprietary information. How does an organization defend against social engineering? Defending against social as well as technical threats should be part a defense in depth strategy, but its often ignored. Businesses cant assume that users know better than to give out their passwords. Unless explicitly instructed otherwise, the average employee has no reason to question someone who seems to have a legitimate reason for asking. Even IT team members who are security-conscious might be hesitant to ask for proof of identity from an irate person claiming to be a member of upper management. Protecting the network from social engineering attacks requires, first and foremost, a set of security policies that lay out the reasons and procedures for responding to these types of requests. Just developing the policies is not enough. In order to be effective: All members of management must agree to the policies and understand the need to properly prove their identities when making requests for passwords, etc. The policies must be disseminated to all users of the network, with education and training provided as to why compliance is essential. There should be explicitly defined consequences for violating the policies. Security policies should be specific and should address such issues as: Strong password policies: minimum length, complexity requirements, requirements to change passwords at specified intervals, prohibition on dictionary words, easily guessed numbers such as birth dates and social security numbers, etc., prohibitions on writing down passwords. Prohibitions against disclosing passwords, to whom (if anyone) passwords can be disclosed and under what circumstances, procedure to follow if someone requests disclosure of passwords. Requirement that users log off or use password protected screensavers when away from the computer, cautionary instructions on ensuring that no one is watching when you type in logon information, etc. Physical security measures to prevent visitors and outside contractors from accessing systems to place key loggers, etc. Procedure for verifying identity of users to IT department and IT personnel to users (secret PINs, callback procedures, etc.). Policies governing destruction (shredding, incineration, etc.) of paperwork, disks and other media that hold information a hacker could use to breach security. Social engineering is the easiest way for a hacker to gain access to your network, and one of the most common yet many companies spend thousands of dollars on thwarting technical attacks and do nothing to prevent exploitation of the human factor. Establishing policies is the first step in preventing socially engineered attacks, but perhaps the most important step is educating employees to make them aware of the danger of social engineering. The people who fall prey to social engineering scams whether its a ruse by an outsider pretending to be a company manager who needs a password changed or e-mail from a stranger pretending to be a wealthy Nigerian with money to give away are those who havent heard about the scam. Security awareness should be part of the training of every employee who uses the network, and in order to be effective, it should be ongoing. Forewarned is forearmed, especially when it comes to social engineering. One of the most daunting aspects in social engineering is the sheer number of methods that can be utilized by an attacker. In fact, the only limiting factor is theimagination of the attacker and the susceptibility of the chosen targets. Social engineering tactics usually exploit identifiable human traits such as fear, greed, and trust, and use the somewhat predictable response characteristics of these traits to obtain information that would otherwise be inaccessible. Social engineering doesnt have to be between people or attack these traits at all however. Other tactics such as dumpster diving and eavesdropping require no human contact and no need to go through the hassle of exploitation, yet still yield vast quantities of information, which can be used as is or taken and assimilated into ammunition for a more elaborate social engineering attack.

Improve of technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Improve of technology - Essay Example ngth premeditated to identify hair, body fluids, and fiber at felony sites, these lights consent to crime landscape to be processed systematically and faster. Sites previously out-of-the-way for authoritative fluorescence assessment are now easy to get . The portability of today’s crime landscape assessment light sources makes the outmost of rural site or the peak floor of a city construction greatly easy to get to for search. Crime mapping; the ability to show graphically where crime has taken place and to some degree guess future crime locations enables field senior officers to direct perambulation through intelligence-led watching. The days when officers tour random areas eager to catch the bad people are giving way to a new era in which agencies use crime maps of every patrol district to assign officers to patrols in a realistic and logical manner. Evidence management: photo enforcement scheme routinely produce red breach and speeding directive and as a result greatly perk up safety for checking the civic. There are a number of upright vendors of photo enforcement scheme available to societies. Graffiti cameras, structure exist nowadays that can obtain photograph of suspects who are damaging goods and even inform the law enforcement organizations that destruction is in movement. There are also â€Å"talking’ observation cameras cautioning intruders that it is prohibited to spray graffiti, commanding the trespasser to leave the vicinity and notifying them that their photograph has been taken for assessment.   Evidence and deterrence, felony site exploration   also aided by these systems in scrutinizing for bodily evidence. Imagers can spot troubled surfaces for graves or other areas that have been dug up in an effort to cover up bodies, evidence, and objects. The machine can also scan roadways for tire tracks or oth er marks that are not visible to the naked eye.   Police patrol: the in-car camera scheme has turn out to be a appreciated apparatus to verify

Can literature tell the truth better than other arts (Theory of Essay

Can literature tell the truth better than other arts (Theory of knowledge) - Essay Example Some novels are good, some are terrible. The same can be said of other art forms as well. Many paintings are really boring to look at, others you can't stop looking at them. Perhaps it is best to compare the best of novels with the best of other arts. That way the comparison will be more fair and people can see what really happens. Literature are made up of novels and non-fiction works. A novel is very good at getting the reader inside the head of the people who are involved. For example, in the Harry Potter books, the author lets the readers know what Harry is thinking. If you compare this to the films of the books, in the films you don't know what people are thinking. But in the films you see the action better. So when you see Harry on his broomstick attacking a dragon that is better when you see it then when you read it in the book. Films show action better than novels but also are more simple. Novels are much longer and can include more details than a film. A film tends to make things simple for the audience. A novel also takes longer to read than a film takes to watch. A person can read two days today but thirty pages tomorrow. They can then leave the book for a month without reading it at all. So a book is the kind of art that you can take at your own pace. Other arts need to be seen all at once. This is especially the case with a film. You can't really watc five minutes one day, thirty the next and then leave it for a month before watching the rest. It would not seem to make sense. A painting, like a film, shows things rather than tells us about them. It is a picture rather than words. A painting just shows one thing, or set of things, while a novel can tell a whole story of a person or many different generations. The fact that the picture is simple makes it easier for the person who is looking at it to understand what is happening. A sculpture is like a picture in that it shows a particular scene, and only one. The sculpture is different than either novels or films because it is very physical in nature. Some sculptures, as long as they are not too famous, can actually be touched by a person looking at them. You cannot touch a novel or a film. A sculpture can be looked at from different angles, while a novel can only really be read in one way. If you look at a sculpture from behind it will look different from in front. But it will be the same sculpture. Is this a better view of the truth than can be found in novels In one way, yes, because it is like reale life. For example, if you meet someone for the first time you can look at them from the front or from the behind. There are different angles. This is the same with sculpture. Theatre is a bit like sculpture, except it uses real people. You actually see real people in theatre, unlike in film where they are just light on a screen. That makes it different. Different because you can tell that they are real people on the stage. Every performance will be different. A novel is always the same, as is a film. Poetry is an art that is like literature more than the other artes. This is because it uses words, like the novel. The only way a person can understand poetry is to read it. The poem is different from a novel in the fact that it is rather much shorter. You can read most poems in a few minutes. In one way this is like looking at a painting, or, to less extent, a film. Some poetry can be very difficult to read, even

E-commerce Service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E-commerce Service - Research Paper Example Beyond the real world, the Internet has created the new world called as a sixth continent or virtual network. In business, e-commerce has made prosperous circulation system. E-commerce has enabled to achieve the fast, reliable and better economic results as compared to traditional business. E-commerce permeates the every profile including media, logistics, finance, enterprises, governments and traditional agriculture.The aim of this paper is to see the changes brought by the adoption of E-commerce for enterprises. What advantages and disadvantages have been produced from E-commerce to business? What are factors involved in buying the attention of customers from E-commerce as well as traditional buying?E-commerce has commonly used the term in the era of the Internet age. E-commerce simply means the putting up the website for service and product information along with the email contacts from where customers can place an order for buying the products. E-commerce is a system to conduct t he business activities via the usage of internet and related technologies. This internet usage refers to a computer network to conduct the business. In also includes the selling and buying online, transferring the electronic funds, business communication and associated activities with the selling and buying of services and goods online (Qin et al., 2014). Business to Consumers (B2C) as a category of e-commerce deals with the direct business between the business companies and consumers.

The Duality of Human Nature in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Research Paper

The Duality of Human Nature in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - Research Paper Example Just like any other man, Dr. Jekyll had also thoughts and utterances of evil and the character was afraid of acting it out because of the prevailing social norms. Dr. Jekyll was situated during the Victorian era where propriety and social demeanor are highly stressed. The difference between Dr. Jekyll and a regular person who have the same tendency is that Dr. Jekyll went as far as using his intellect and profession by creating a drug that would unleash the evil in him without the control and restraint of his good conscious self. The drug created Mr. Edward Hyde who is a representative of pure and adulterated evil which contains Dr. Jekyll’s evil side. Mr. Hyde is amoral and this was manifested in his physique that he looked despicable, grotesque and deformed (Singh and Chakrabarti 221). Dr. Jekyll thought that he could experience the pleasure of his both good and evil side with the creation of Mr. Hyde. He thought that Mr. Hyde would consummate his evil desires that longed to be release. Mr. Hyde indeed acted out Dr. Jekyll’s evil side only that Mr. Hyde evoked feeling of disdain among Dr. Jekyll’s friends who asked him earnestly to severe his relationship with Mr. Hyde. It is obvious in the novel that Dr. Jekyll did not give up Mr. Hyde or his evil side. This resulted to the growing power of Mr. Hyde that eventually overpowered Dr. Jekyll leading to a series of murders and grotesque events. The novel is more than the transformation of Dr. Jekyll to Mr. Hyde which has a grotesque and despicable appearance. It is in fact an analysis of the duality of the self against the social backdrop of Victorian setting which highlighted the personal, physical and social ambivalence of man and his surroundings that shaped him. The novel discussed the anxiety of the self as it relates to the world that produced a variety of stimuli that is often externalized in

Out of her mind women writing on madness by rebecca shannonhouse Essay - 1

Out of her mind women writing on madness by rebecca shannonhouse - Essay Example ses of â€Å"Renee† and Slater, the terror is created in the mind of the patient, part of her delusional state itself rather than something inflicted upon her by the outside world. Despite knowing that their anxieties are not based on anything in reality, neither woman can shake the fear or the depression which pervade their lives. All of the stories discuss various treatments they received, as well as their responses. Ward goes into detail great about shock therapy from the dissociated perspective of her protagonist Virginia, but the most common treatments discussed are medications. In the case of Slater’s Black Swans, the treatment (Prozac) is credited with â€Å"saving† the patient. (Shannonhouse, 146) The opposite is true of Millet’s The Loony Bin Trip, in which the medications are given to women against their will, controlling them with terrifying hallucinations, physical side effects of medications or physical restraint. Whether they appreciated their therapies or not, the medications had a profound impact on each of the women presented. In The Snake Pit by Mary Jane Ward, the narrator Virginia relates her depression and confusion using short words and choppy sentences. Her words are bleak, and her thoughts move haphazardly from one to another with little to hold them together. Virginia asks for advice about what to do from her real friends but they cant help her so she asks in her mind. Her delusions are no more helpful than real people: Dear Emily Post: Is it proper to go out park-sitting in a hoover apron? Answer: This is a custom entirely unknown to me, but if it is the general practice in your community it would be well not to be conspicuous. I assume the hoover apron is always fresh and that you would not lap the clean side over the soiled side and attempt in that way to maintain a false front. (Shannonhouse, 62) This stream of consciousness style of writing conveys clearly the confusion and dissociation Virginia experiences, both before and

Same sex marriage (Argumentative essay) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Same sex marriage (Argumentative ) - Essay Example This understanding has led to the initiation of many controversies and debates. The issue of same sex marriage accounts for one such matter which has sparked many arguments with regard to its legality. The issue surfaced during the last half of the twentieth century when same sex couples demanded the recognition of their relationship. The same sex couples argue and insist on the legality and provision of permission for same sex marriage. On the other hand, this stand is opposed by many religious, social and ethical groups who argue that same sex marriages are against the law of nature and legality of these marriages will destruct the normal structure of the society. These disagreements and debates have led to the questioning with regard to the fact that whether same sex marriages should be allowed or should they be marked as being illegal. The number of homosexuals in the United States has been increasing and this was clearly concluded with the assistance of the statistics provided by surveys conducted by the William’s Institute. It was highlighted that the number of same sex couples increased from 594,391 to 776,943 from the year 2001 to 2005 (Romero et al 2007). Owing to these increases in the number of homosexuals in the country, there have been many legal fights which have been carried out by these groups. Following the year 1990, many uprisings and legal proceedings were initiated by gays for the provision of legality for their marriages. The first major case was held in the Supreme Court of Hawaii in 1993 which invalidated the decision of a lower court from permitting three homosexual couples from marrying. This legal hearing was followed by other proceedings in the State of Alaska in 1998 and Vermont in 1999. A definitive breakthrough for the same sex couples was achieved in the year 2000 when their marr iages were legally allowed in the state of Vermont. Therefore, Vermont became the first State in the

Out of her mind women writing on madness by rebecca shannonhouse Essay - 1

Out of her mind women writing on madness by rebecca shannonhouse - Essay Example ses of â€Å"Renee† and Slater, the terror is created in the mind of the patient, part of her delusional state itself rather than something inflicted upon her by the outside world. Despite knowing that their anxieties are not based on anything in reality, neither woman can shake the fear or the depression which pervade their lives. All of the stories discuss various treatments they received, as well as their responses. Ward goes into detail great about shock therapy from the dissociated perspective of her protagonist Virginia, but the most common treatments discussed are medications. In the case of Slater’s Black Swans, the treatment (Prozac) is credited with â€Å"saving† the patient. (Shannonhouse, 146) The opposite is true of Millet’s The Loony Bin Trip, in which the medications are given to women against their will, controlling them with terrifying hallucinations, physical side effects of medications or physical restraint. Whether they appreciated their therapies or not, the medications had a profound impact on each of the women presented. In The Snake Pit by Mary Jane Ward, the narrator Virginia relates her depression and confusion using short words and choppy sentences. Her words are bleak, and her thoughts move haphazardly from one to another with little to hold them together. Virginia asks for advice about what to do from her real friends but they cant help her so she asks in her mind. Her delusions are no more helpful than real people: Dear Emily Post: Is it proper to go out park-sitting in a hoover apron? Answer: This is a custom entirely unknown to me, but if it is the general practice in your community it would be well not to be conspicuous. I assume the hoover apron is always fresh and that you would not lap the clean side over the soiled side and attempt in that way to maintain a false front. (Shannonhouse, 62) This stream of consciousness style of writing conveys clearly the confusion and dissociation Virginia experiences, both before and

Self Assessment Essay Example for Free

Self Assessment Essay What did this exercise reveal about you to yourself? The description of the four types of personal orientation to others, named as competitors, individualists, cooperators, and equalizers is another way to understand our unique preferences and how we respond to others (Greenberg, 2013). This exercise indicated an individualist disposition with cooperators coming in second. Since the overall concern or motivation for an individualist is the outcomes related to self, the question now is regarding job motivation. How does this relate to the current job choice since this exercise ended in a self-revelation unbeknownst to me? Regardless of ones personal orientation, effective communication has key elements, which is accountability, professional, brief and sincere (Marques, 2010). Prior to this assignment, if asked about job choice motivation it appeared that it was to help others; therefore the self-assessment gives a total different view. Persons high in individualism cooperate only under some conditions when there is a benefit to self. Were you surprised at what you learned, or was it something you already knew? After reading the chapter it surprised me arriving at the higher score of individualist due to the overall emphasis and concern for others depicted by working in a non-profit whose main objective is helping those who cannot help themselves. Cooperative is not a word that would be used to describe my personality but could be in certain situations. On the other hand, self-views related to conflict, is of acceptance, since it seems to come and go, being an inevitable part of life whether in the business world or at home. Growing up there was a lot of conflicts from having a house with nine passionate Italian children. Someone was always arguing and disagreeing which seems natural to me. When looking at the opposite of cooperative, uncooperative could be used. These two polar opposites cause conflict. Therefore, could it be that those who are accepting of conflict may be viewed as ncooperative. Conflict is related to issues not people since it is the difference of opinion causing the conflicting views. Do you tend to maintain the same orientation most of the time or are there occasions in which you change from one orientation to another? What do you think this means? Maintaining the individualistic orientation is common in most situations yet there are times that other orientations dominate. Generally stating, it is common for me, in most situations to view each person as unique and taking the role of helper. This stems from growing up as the second in line of nine children. It was also common coming from a big family of mostly boys, to focus on my preference since it seemed as if the girls and boys were pitted against each other on opposite sides. My brothers were always teasing and name-calling and I was very sensitive. My sisters are 10 and 15 years younger, so there wasn’t an ally for a long time leaving me to not only fend for myself but having five brothers against one sister. When we get together as a large family, the competitor rises to the occasion. Many times we will play music and sing. All of us are competitive when in game mode whether poker or karaoke. The equalizer is another personal orientation that I occasionally identify based on relevant situations. This comes and goes mirrored within the role of caretaking my younger siblings being the responsible older sister. This exercise was highly informative in gaining perspective of the various methods used to understand those in our world including ourselves.

Passive Reconnaissance Website Analysis

Passive Reconnaissance Website Analysis Assignment: Reconnaissance Paper Student Name: Soumil Deshpande Executive Summary In this assignment, passive reconnaissance was performed on The Weather Channels website i.e. www.weather.com and important results have been obtained regarding the organizations online behavior. In this passive reconnaissance attack we have discovered all the domain name and the corresponding IP addresses of the hosts, domain names, servers, reverse DNS, the webhost name and the location of the server. Furthermore, we have also discovered and analyzed many files such as .doc, .pdf, .xls from online public sources which in return gave us valuable information about the organization such as the username of few employees who have created those files, the software that was used to create those files, date of creation, date of edit, what server it was uploaded to, the operating system in use etc. It also provided us with the folder paths where the files were preset on the host servers. This information is very valuable to an attacker who is performing a reconnaissance attack as it gives o ut a lot of critical information about the internet footprint of the organization and this data was easily available to the attacker via all public sources using passive reconnaissance. To avoid this, we must make sure that we keep a track of all the public information which is readily available on the internet such as DNS lookups, WHOIS information and all the public files hosted and make sure that no valuable information can be extracted by an attacker which in turn could prove harmful for the organization if an attack was conducted on the organization in the future. Introduction to the organization The Weather Channel is an American cable and satellite television channel by NBC Universal. It is also a desktop, mobile app and satellite radio channel. Headquarters of the company is located in Atlanta, Georgia. This organization mainly provides weather related news and analysis which include 24-hour weather forecast and radar imagery. This company was chosen by me for this assignment because this company has a global presence and a very well wide spread and retrievable online footprint. It has servers all around the world which would give me many different points of opportunities for reconnaissance. And as their main function is far away from security I would assume that not a very high level of resources is spent on information security of all the online assists, domains, hosts and websites. Tools and Methods used to obtain data for passive reconnaissance Following are the tools used for conducting passive reconnaissance with the explanation of their working: FOCA (Fingerprint Organizations with Collected Archives) (FOCA n.d.) FOCA is an easy to use GUI tool made for windows whose main purpose is to extract metadata from the given website. FOCA automates the process of finding and downloading all the public documents of various format from the website, analyzing them and presenting the analyzed information in a human readable format on the FOCA windows GUI. The documents which are downloaded from the organizations website are searched by various methods including search engines like Google, Bing, Exalead etc. We can also add local files which we have acquired from other processes in the FOCA GUI for analysis and metadata extraction. An impressive feature of FOCA is that we can analyze the URL and the file without even downloading it. FOCA is capable of downloading and analyzing various types of documents ranging from Microsoft Office files to uncommon adobe files or other custom formats. After all the metadata is extracted from the files, FOCA matches similar information like documents created by the same group, Usernames of the owners of the documents and can even create a network map based on the metadata that was analyzed from all the public sources available on the internet. FOCA also includes a server discovery mode which automatically searches for the organization servers using recursively interconnected routines. Techniques such as Web Search, DNS Search, IP resolution, PTR Scanning, Bing IP, Common Names, DNS Prediction and Robtex are used in the process of server discovery in FOCA. Other features of FOCA include Network Analysis, DNS Spoofing, Search for common files, Proxies search, Technology identification, Fingerprinting, Leaks, Backups search, Error forcing and open directory searches. Google Search (Search engines reconnaissance The magic weapons n.d.) Search tools are very powerful weapons for an attacker for conducting passive reconnaissance on an organization. Using Google search as a reconnaissance tools is 100% legal and this process does not involve accessing unauthorized data or files. Reconnaissance using google is done by using special search queries which are constructed by search modifiers and search operators. Search modifiers are symbols such as + (Requires to match the term exactly), (Show all results excluding that match this term), * (Wildcard entry) and (Searching for a specific text, word or a phrase). Search operator includes keywords in the search queries such as: Allintext à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Restricts search to contain all the query terms which you have specified. Allintitle à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Restricts search to contain all the titles which have the specified text Allinurl à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Restricts search to contain all the url specified. Filetype à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Returns the search results which have a file which is specified by the user. For e.g. [document filetype:doc] will return all the documents with the file extension of .doc. Site à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Google will restrict the search to the particular site or domain. Using the above search modifiers and operators we can construct a special query. For e.g. we can construct a query to get all the doc files from www.example.com as site:www.example.com filetype:doc. From google search alone we can obtain important information like Staff lists and positions, Contact information, Technical skill, helpdesk FAQs, Security policies etc. DNSDumpster.com DNSDumpster is an online service that enables us to scan a particular website to return valuable information like all the DNS records of the website, all the hosts, domains, IPs, location and reverse DNS addresses. It also gives a graphical representation of the network map of the organization by the previously described data. We can even export all this information from the website to an excel spreadsheet to further analyze the data. WHOIS and TRACEROUTE WHOIS is a query and response protocol used to retrieve internet resources like domain names, IP address, owner information, webhost contact information etc. Traceroute is a windows command which records the route through the web space or the internet from your computer to the destination address. PassiveRecon Mozilla Add-on (PassiveRecon n.d.) This very powerful Mozilla add-on combines various passive reconnaissance tools such as IP tracing, WHOIS, google search queries etc. into one single add-on which can use to perform a passive reconnaissance attack with a click of a button. Recon-ng (recon-ng n.d.) Recon-ng is a powerful tool made by the programmer LaNMaSteR53 which is a full-featured web based reconnaissance framework which is written in python. There is an inbuild module known as reconnaissance which is used for conducting all the passive reconnaissance on the website or web server. It gathers data such as IP information, domain names, hosts, location, related domains and other valuable information about the organization. It is a Linux tools and works with most of the new Linux distributions such as kali or Ubuntu. SamSpade (SamSpade n.d.) SamSpade is a windows tools which is famously used for passive reconnaissance. This tools is used to query important functions such as Zone transfer, SMTP relay check, Scan Addresses, Crawl Website, Browse Web, Fast and slow traceroutes, decode URL, parse email headers etc. NetCraft (netcraft n.d.) NetCraft is a United Kingdom based company which tracks almost all websites. Using this tool, we can obtain all the domains, site report with information like registrar information, location, DNS admin email address, hosting company, netblock owner etc. It also enables us to look at the hosting history with the name and version of the webserver and display what web technologies have been used on the website. Information found after reconnaissance DNS Hosts By using various reconnaissance tools ass mentioned above, we have gathered over 100 DNS hostnames for the website weather.com with additional information like IP addresses, reverse DNS, Netblock owner, country and webserver. The entire table of the gathered information is listed at the bottom of this document in a segregated tabular format for easy understanding. A network map has also been created from the above gathered DNS information and has been listed at the end of this document as well. We have also obtained the technologies used on the client side of the weather.com website. These technologies include jQuery, Google Hosted libraries, AJAX, Angular JS and Modernizr. Extracted Files and Metadata Using FOCA as well as google search queries, files were downloaded and analyzed from the weather.com server and host to reveal information about the organization like System Users, System paths, Software used and Clients connected to the server. Following are the list of user information which has been extracted from the metadata of the files gathered. Kerry McCord Maynard Linda iMarc Fatima Jantasri David Tufts Linda Maynard Neal Stein Following are the list of software used to create, modify these files or used in the organization in general. This data was extracted from over 159 documents which were gathered using FOCA and google search tools. Following are the Clients, Servers and Domains of weather.com gathered from server searching and analyzing file metadata. How the gathered information can be used by the attacker. The above-mentioned information although publicly available is very useful for an attacker to orchestrate an attack on the website. With all the information, such as DNS hostname, IP address, Reverse DNS, Hosting server etc. the attacker can further use active reconnaissance techniques on them to gather even more valuable information like the traffic on a particular server, capacity of a particular server, insecure protocols on the domain, SQL injection into form fields, DDoS attack on a particular sever etc. By recognizing a weak link in the network architecture of the organization, an attacker can find a way to enter into locations which was hidden from the public. By doing this the attacker can gain access to much more valuable information and further construct a stronger attack. With all the DNS address, available, the attacker can run an active penetration test on these webserver and IP addresses to find out different vulnerabilities which can be exploited in the future. Serves with a large amount of network loads can be DDoSed to crash the organization website. User information was also gathered in this passive reconnaissance process which can be used to gain more knowledge about the people working in the organization and can be used for various social engineering attacks. These particular users can be targeted by email which could in turn compromise the systems they are in charge of. We now also know the software used in the organization and their version number. We can find out the vulnerabilities on that particular software and use that with social engineering to exploit a target system on the organization. By using all the information gathered by this passive reconnaissance process, the attacker is exposed to a lot of avenues on which he can further dive deep into using active reconnaissance or penetration testing methods. Suggested Controls We have to keep in mind that it is essential for a business to release public documents online. Thus, we have to make sure that these public documents do not give out any valuable information in the form of metadata or even the actual content of the document. These documents should be analyzed internally by the information security team before uploading them to the public website. We can even use a tool to locally extract and remove all the metadata from the file before we upload them to the website. We must also take active actions to harden the perimeter of our network. We must understand the devices that run on our network and update them with up to date security patches and releases. We should only release vague and general information to the public regarding domain names and registrar information. We should also disable and remove all those devices, web servers, users, accounts, domains which are not in use. We should also conduct penetration testing on our web servers and web sites periodically to further harden our network. We should also use NAT for as much of the network as possible. This helps to block OS fingerprinting and port scanning issues which are the main part of the active reconnaissance techniques. We should add a stateful firewall on the network perimeter to prevent any intrusion. We should also have a IDPS system to monitor the traffic on each web server and log the actions or report the actions. Tables and Diagrams DNS hostnames, IP addresses, Reverse DNS of weather.com Hostname IP Address Reverse DNS dmz.weather.com 65.212.71.220 dmz.weather.com 65.212.71.221 weather.com 23.218.138.47 a23-218-138-47.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com adcap0x00.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.199 adcap0x00.twc.weather.com adcap0x01.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.198 adcap0x01.twc.weather.com adserver-es1.weather.com 96.8.82.170 adserver.es1.dc.weather.com adserver-es2.weather.com 96.8.83.170 adserver.es2.dc.weather.com adserver-tc1.weather.com 96.8.84.170 adserver.twc1.dc.weather.com adserver-tc2.weather.com 96.8.85.170 adserver.twc2.dc.weather.com ash-dc2-named-1.weather.com 96.8.90.1 ash-dc2-named-1.weather.com attpos.weather.com 96.8.82.142 attpos.weather.com attpos.weather.com 96.8.84.142 attpos.weather.com auth.twc1.dc.weather.com 96.8.84.137 auth.twc1.dc.weather.com b.twc1.dc.weather.com 96.8.84.144 b.twc1.dc.weather.com b.twc2.dc.weather.com 96.8.85.144 b.twc2.dc.weather.com backupmediadmz.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.95 backupmediadmz.twc.weather.com betaorigin.weather.com 96.8.84.147 betaorigin.weather.com betatest2.weather.com 96.8.85.103 betatest2.weather.com blogs.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.97 blogs.twc.weather.com builddata.weather.com 96.8.82.54 builddata.weather.com buildds.weather.com 96.8.82.49 builddds.weather.com buildmap.weather.com 96.8.82.56 buildmap.weather.com buildmob.weather.com 96.8.82.50 buildmob.weather.com buildmob2.weather.com 96.8.82.51 buildmob2.weather.com buildorigin.weather.com 96.8.82.53 buildorigin.weather.com buildurs.weather.com 96.8.82.52 buildurs.weather.com buildweb.weather.com 96.8.82.46 buildweb.weather.com buildweb2.weather.com 96.8.82.47 buildweb2.weather.com buildwxii.weather.com 96.8.82.48 buildwxii.weather.com cacheds.twc1.dc.weather.com 96.8.84.141 cacheds.twc1.dc.weather.com cacheds.twc2.dc.weather.com 96.8.85.141 cacheds.twc2.dc.weather.com clustsrv1.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.115 clustsrv1.twc.weather.com clustsrv2.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.116 clustsrv2.twc.weather.com clustsrv3.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.117 clustsrv3.twc.weather.com clustsrv4.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.121 clustsrv4.twc.weather.com clustsrv5.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.122 clustsrv5.twc.weather.com connect.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.136 connect.twc.weather.com dmzdc02.dmz.weather.com 65.212.71.223 dmzdc02.twc.weather.com dmzdc02.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.223 dmzdc02.twc.weather.com dmz.weather.com 65.212.71.223 dmzdc02.twc.weather.com dmzdc03.dmz.weather.com 65.212.71.222 dmzdc03.twc.weather.com dmzdc03.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.222 dmzdc03.twc.weather.com dmz.weather.com 65.212.71.222 dmzdc03.twc.weather.com dmzswitch10.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.10 dmzswitch10.twc.weather.com dmzswitch11.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.11 dmzswitch11.twc.weather.com dmzswitch12.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.12 dmzswitch12.twc.weather.com dmzswitch13.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.13 dmzswitch13.twc.weather.com dmzswitch14.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.14 dmzswitch14.twc.weather.com dns1.weather.com 96.8.82.15 dns2.weather.com dns2.weather.com 96.8.82.15 dns2.weather.com dns3.weather.com 96.8.84.15 dns3.weather.com dsp-db.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.119 dsp-db.twc.weather.com dsq-db.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.99 dsq-db.twc.weather.com dualg.twc.weather.com 65.202.103.100 dualg.twc.weather.com articles.weather.com 52.200.156.65 ec2-52-200-156-65.compute-1.amazonaws.com chef.dev.web.weather.com 54.208.182.48 ec2-54-208-182-48.compute-1.amazonaws.com apistatus.weather.com 54.236.78.100 ec2-54-236-78-100.compute-1.amazonaws.com checkout.developer.weather.com 54.69.68.23 ec2-54-69-68-23.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com f5.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.140 f5.twc.weather.com f5lab.dmz.weather.com 65.212.71.66 f5lab.dmz.weather.com f5vpn-lab.dmz.weather.com 65.212.71.65 f5vpn-lab.dmz.weather.com faspex0b00.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.48 faspex0b00.twc.weather.com faspex0b01.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.49 faspex0b01.twc.weather.com ftp.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.113 ftp.twc.weather.com ftp1.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.108 ftp1.twc.weather.com ftp2.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.109 ftp2.twc.weather.com giporigin.twc1.dc.weather.com 96.8.84.166 giporigin.twc1.dc.weather.com giporigin.twc2.dc.weather.com 96.8.85.166 giporigin.twc2.dc.weather.com gwdmz.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.1 gwdmz.twc.weather.com hide135.twc.weather.com 96.8.88.135 hide135.twc.weather.com hide136.twc.weather.com 65.202.103.136 hide136.twc.weather.com hide139.twc.weather.com 65.202.103.139 hide139.twc.weather.com hide166.twc.weather.com 65.202.103.166 hide166.twc.weather.com hide167.twc.weather.com 65.202.103.167 hide167.twc.weather.com hide19.twc.weather.com 65.202.103.19 hide19.twc.weather.com hide20.twc.weather.com 65.202.103.20 hide20.twc.weather.com hide206.twc.weather.com 65.202.103.206 hide206.twc.weather.com hide207.twc.weather.com 65.202.103.207 hide207.twc.weather.com hide208.twc.weather.com 65.202.103.208 hide208.twc.weather.com hide209.twc.weather.com 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imwxsecure.twc2.dc.weather.com 96.8.85.159 imwxsecure.twc2.dc.weather.com careers.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.129 przrecruit01.dmz.weather.com bes.twc.weather.com 65.212.71.224 przsccmdp01.dmz.weather.com grid.weather.com 54.231.49.82 s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com Network Map for weather.com n.d. FOCA. https://www.elevenpaths.com/labstools/foca/index.html. n.d. netcraft. https://www.netcraft.com/. n.d. PassiveRecon. https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/passiverecon/. n.d. recon-ng. https://bitbucket.org/LaNMaSteR53/recon-ng. n.d. SamSpade. https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/tools/sam-spade-934. n.d. Search engines reconnaissance The magic weapons. http://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/19570/hacking/search-engines-reconnaissance-magic-weapons.html.

Foundation, Foundation and Empire, and Caves of Steel, by Isaac Asimov

Everyone is faced with difficult obstacles at some point in his or her life, whether or not they are able to overcome them can define them as a person. Every story has a plot, but a plot is determined by the characters and their actions to events that take place in the story. According to the article â€Å"Science Fiction Images of Computers and Robots† written by Patricia S. Warrick, many of the plots in Asimov’s novels depend on â€Å"computers and robots [along with] space exploration and development† (54). Characters in the novels written by Isaac Asimov have to figure out the capabilities of new technology, understand other characters, and find solutions to problems with no end in sight. Characters’ actions and responses to problems play large roles in the plot of a story. The characters in Asimov’s novels have to solve problems that could affect the future of humankind. With such great advancements in technology, the humans begin to worry tha t technology such as robots will take over and become the primary race. In Isaac Asimov’s novel, Foundation and Empire, one of the themes is deception and some characters use deception to get what they want, and in a world of power, they became the most powerful of all. When the structure of organizations and countries begin to fall apart in the world, there are some people who will do almost anything to gain power. In Asimov’s eyes, the future world is going to be enormous expanding across galaxies, having unlimited technology, and billions of people. Asimov is one of few writers who has had success writing novels containing science fiction and mystery. Isaac Asimov depicts similar themes of power and deception by using the plot, characters, and setting, while the use of all these makes him an i... ...simov. Ed. Joseph D. Olander and Martin Harry Greenberg. N.p.: Taplinger, 1977. 32-58. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale, 1983. 41-45. Print. Short, Sue. "The Measure of a Man? Asimov's Bicentennial Man, Star Trek's Data, and Being Human." Extrapolation 44.2 (2003): 209. General OneFile. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. Warrick, Patricia S. "Science Fiction Images of Computers and Robots." The Cybernetic Imagination. N.p.: The MIT, 1980. 53-79. Rpt. in Contemporary Lieterary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale, 1983. 53-56. Print. Watt, Donald. "A Galaxy Full of People: Characterization in Asimov's Major Fiction." Isaac Asimov. Ed. Joseph D. Olander and Martin Harry Greenberg. N.p.: Taplinger, 1977. 135-73. Rpt. in Contemporary Lieterary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale, 1983. 45-50. Print.

The Valley Girl in Buffy the Vampire Slayer :: TV Television Show Essays

The stereotypical valley girl would have to be one of my longstanding favourite characters in both television and film. With the valley girl known for often being the quintessential popularity queen, it may not seem so obvious to include the Buffy we know today as part of the valley girl hall of fame. But one only has to go back to the 1992 film, Buffy the Vampire Slayer to observe the full extent of Buffy’s bleach blonde valley girl roots. To place Buffy within the larger category of the valley girl, first one must have an understanding of what exactly this means. Undoubtedly, the valley girl is a product of the eighties, or at least a character that was crystallised and labelled during this period, and she has been a significant presence in teen films and television ever since. It has come to my attention that there has been a definite change, or evolution over the last two decades, of the living, breathing barbie doll otherwise known as the valley girl. And, it seems, this evolution of the valley girl within teen film and television can be traced through the character of Buffy Summers, starting from her first appearance on the big screen in 1992. For my purposes, the term â€Å"valley girl† is useful in reference to a limited spectrum of popular teen girls in film and television, who, despite originating in name from the location of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, [1] are not strictly limited or restricted to being natives of this particular site. Often alarmingly oblivious to many basic concepts of social etiquette, the valley girl is the ultra-feminine, two-dimensional character identified by an abundance of material possessions and surface features that are highly prized by herself and her peers. Some of the basic, essential signifiers of the valley girl can be extracted from examination of valley girls over time who have manipulated the following: 1) POPULARITY: which is often directly linked to the valley girl also being a cheerleader (often team captain, of course) and/or prom queen. Although, sometimes basic popularity is pure and simple enough. 2) CASH SUPPLY: generous funds, namely daddy’s credit card, often help with gaining or retaining popular status, and is especially important for it’s contribution to the following, 3) THE WARDROBE: often filled with the latest fashion trends and designer labels. The valley girl must be well-versed in knowing what is now, retro, and the dreaded zone of â€Å"five minutes ago.

Bourdieu and social class within the educational system

The subject of social class within the educational system seems to be the elephant in the room. Issues of race, gender, discrimination and making safe places are addressed constantly within the pedagogy yet we ignore the realities of social stratification, especially when it comes to the classroom and the curriculum we are expected to teach. According to Bourdieu, the education systems of western societies function in such a way as to legitimatize class inequalities (Bourdieu, 1977).Success in the education system is enhanced by the possession of cultural capital (which is etermined the dominate culture) and Lower-class pupils do not, in general, possess these traits. Bourdieu then supposes that the failure of the majority of these pupils is inevitable. This, he postulates, explains class inequalities in educational attainment. , For Bourdieu, educational credentials help to reproduce and legitimatize social inequalities, as higher-class individuals are seen to deserve their place in the social structure.Place in the social structure is not pre determined and education often is a factor in the upward mobility in SES. Muller and his team describe cross-national imilarities and differences in the two steps in which education intervenes in the process of intergenerational class mobility: the link between class of origin and educational credentials attained, and between these credentials and class position allocated to (Muller et al. , 1989).They conclude that the patterns of association between class origin and education, and between education and class destinations are similar across the nine nations. However, the strength of these associations demonstrates cross-national variations. This paper is one of the first comparative tudies of social mobility, which used the data sets collected in the early 1970s from nine European countries investigated in Comparative Analysis of Social Mobility in Industrial Nations (CASMIN) project.Nevertheless, this article supports FJG hypothesis which argues that class origin inequalities in relative mobility chances will be roughly constant across nations . Social mobility, class and education is further explored through a longitudinal study conducted by Johnson, Brett & Deary (2009). They proposed that social class of origin acts as ballast, restraining otherwise eritocratic social class movement, and that education is the primary means through which social class movement is both restrained and facilitated, thereby giving weight to Bourdieu's theory of Cultural Reproduction.They conclude that parental social class attainment contributes to educational attainment, which in turn contributes to participant social class attainment, suggesting that educational attainment contributed to social class stability. Education is important to social mobility and, thus, appears to play a pivotal role in the association between ability and social class attainment. When looking at the relationship between ability and socia l class attainment, it is useful to also look at the different types of culture capital.Andersen and Hansen (201 1), for example, distinguish between two interpretations of cultural capital: â€Å"narrow' and â€Å"broad. † The narrow interpretation refers a child's exposure to ‘high cultural' products or activities (Bourdieu's concept ot objectified capital): tor example, having objects of art at home, or a tastefully furnished home, visits to the theatre or art museums, or playing the piano (p. 608). These signs of high culture may not mprove a student's work in any objective way, but they are rewarded through subjectivity involved in assessing academic performance.The same is true of the broad interpretation of cultural capital, which is â€Å"general linguistic skills, habits, and knowledge, including cognitive skills,† which are â€Å"used in a strategic manner by individuals, who thereby may receive advantages or profits† (p. 608). This kind of cult ural capital is passed from parents to children through school work (p. 608). Bourdieu's description of educational capital encompasses this outlook. One ofAndersen and Hansen (2011) implications in schools which supports Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital is that: â€Å"Students from classes with highest cultural capital will perform the best academically, on each horizontal level† (of social class) (p 611) This is often seen played out when looking at the Socio Economic Status schools. Bankston and Caldas (2009) examine how legal desegregation of American schools starting in the 1950s and 1960s was countered by de facto segregation due to â€Å"social class, residential patterns† and other forms of social marginalization.Since the verage socioeconomic status of a student population affects a school's educational achievement levels, upper and middle class families eluded and hindered desegregation by moving to different school districts, suburban communities, by ch oosing private schools etc. Bourdieu's concept of education through institutional capital sees education as a place where one acquires the skills to enter different positions within the labour force -and those positions in turn determines one's socioeconomic status..Bankstone and Caldas state that policy assumes that differences in educational achievements are caused by the concrete schools and in articular by its teaching staff. Schools are believed to determine socioeconomic conditions instead of the other way around. As educators, not only must we be aware that class differences are present in the classroom, but, perhaps, look for ways to minimize the gulf between classes and increase capital culture in those who do not possess as much as others. Technology may be one way to do this. There seems to be a push towards using new technologies in the classroom.Considering class inequality and cultural capital, an educational model that aims to bridge the divide by bringing students to gether to the ame level of technological proficiency would be desirable. Kapttzke (2000), following a case-study in an Australian school, concludes that integrating student- based projects using information technology is a way to bring students with tech sa'. n. y back from the brink of alienation. Kapitzke states that â€Å"teachers who ignore the texts, identities, skills and interests of the young do so at their own peril. † (p. 0) Faced with a growing techno-cultural capital gap, educators need to â€Å"view students as fellow explorers and co-workers† (p. 60) and possibly working on innovative rojects like revamping a school's computer network. The student who led the project ended up teaching not only students but teachers too. Not only would cultural capital be affected, it is most likely that a student's social capital Conversely, a study done in Californian schools shows a different side of the story. Cuban (2001) and fellow researchers explored the paradox of high access to technology with low real use.This was explained by traditional constraints on teachers such as time and structure, as well as annoying deficiencies in the technologies, such as computer crashes, that limited teachers' initiatives. The teachers stressed â€Å"that using computers in their classes made demands upon them that made their Job harder. † (p. 828) In the end, â€Å"inadequate time in the daily schedule to plan work together goes to the heart of teacher use of new technologies and their preferred teaching practices† (p. 28) and resulted in the teachers preferring traditional teacher-based discussions, lectures and activities supplemented with some time for technologies. Cuban and his colleagues believe that technology will never revolutionize the classroom; instead, â€Å"historical legacies of high schools in their chool structures and technological flaws will trump the slow revolution in teaching In conclusion, the Kapitzke article highlights an innovative practices† (p. 830). way of maximizing tech-sawy students' cultural capital and thereby pushing for equality and integration.However, as the Cuban article points out, technology will likely be relegated to special projects when deemed appropriate by a teacher relying on various methodologies. While dynamic technologically innovative teaching methods have their place they are not the magic answer to solving cultural capital and class inequalities.

Danger of a Single Story Essay

In her inspirational speech on the TED television series, Chimamanda Adichie argues that single stories of specific races or regions often create misconceptions of their true natures. Adichie, born and raised in colonial Nigeria, uses previous life experiences to support her claims regarding false stereotypes, most evidently during her childhood and her first visit to the USA. Living under a colonial environment, Adichie was constantly being exposed to foreign ways of life; she had a decent education, read children books about men drinking ginger beer, and was taught to be thankful for the opportunities she was gifted. However, not until later in her life did Adichie realize that these influences were incomplete and untrue representations of Western life. This helps to demonstrate â€Å"how impressionable and vulnerable we are in the face of a story, particularly as children,† and how we can not truly know the truth until it has been concretely revealed to us. Furthermore, when Adieche moved into her college dorm with a white roommate, she was automatically pitied. Her roommate’s â€Å"single story of [Africa was] catastrophe,† and not until they interacted further did it occur to her that she was no different from anyone else. These are just two examples of common stereotypes; innumerable others exist around the world, one of which is that of Muslims, the prominent occupation of the Arab region. Unfortunately, there are groups who claim to be ‘Muslims’ that commit despicable acts globally, such as the plane attacks of 9/11, the Boston Marathon bombings earlier this year, and the perpetuate persecution of refugees in Central Asia (Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, etc. ), that set a bad image upon Islam. Nevertheless, the media disregards the majority of the positive stories of the Arab region, therefore exclusively establishing Muslims as terrorists inspired by spite and ill-will. The single story of Muslims, as is the stereotype of Africans and Westerners, creates a false and incomplete depiction of their authentic essences.

Element Rubidium

Origin of name: from the Latin word â€Å"rubidius† meaning â€Å"dark red† or â€Å"deepest red†. Atomic Number:  37 Symbol:  Rb Atomic Weight:  85. 4678 Say what? Rubidium is pronounced as  roo-BID-ee-em. Discovery:  R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff 1861 (Germany), discovered rubidium in the mineral petalite via its dark red spectral lines. Element Classification:  Alkali Metal Density (g/cc):  1. 532 Melting Point (K):  312. 2 Boiling Point (K):  961 Appearance:  soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal Atomic Radius (pm):  248 Atomic Volume (cc/mol):  55. 9 Covalent Radius (pm):  216 Ionic Radius:  147 (+1e) Specific Heat (@20 °C J/g mol):  0. 360 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol):  2. 0 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol):  75. 8 Pauling Negativity Number:  0. 82 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol):  402. 8 Oxidation States:  +1 Lattice Structure:  Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (A):  5. 590 CAS Registry Number:  7440-17-7 Properties:  Ru bidium may be liquid at room temperature. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. Thus, rubidium must be stored under dry mineral oil, in a vacuum, or in an inert atmosphere. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group. Rubidium forms amalgams with mercury and alloys with gold, sodium, potassium, and cesium.Rubidium glows red-violet in a flame test. Rubidium Trivia: †¢ Rubidium melts just a little above body temperature. †¢ Rubidium was discovered using spectroscopy. When Bunsen and Kirchoff examined their sample of petalite, they found two red spectral lines deep into the red part of the spectrum. They named their new element rubidium after the Latin word  rubidus  meaning ‘deepest red'. †¢ Rubidium is the second most electropositive element. †¢ Rubidium can be used to give fireworks a red-violet color. †¢ Rubidium is the 23rd  most abundant element in the Earth' s crust. Rubidium chloride is used in biochemistry as a biomarker to track where potassium is taken up by living organisms. †¢ The hyper-fine electron structure of Rubidium-87 is used in some atomic clocks to maintain accuracy. †¢ The isotope Ru-87 was used by Eric Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl Wiemen to produce a Bose-Einstein condensate. This earned them the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. Reference: †¢ http://chemistry. about. com/od/elementfacts/a/rubidium. htm †¢ http://www. lenntech. com/periodic/elements/rb. htm †¢ http://www. webelements. com/rubidium/ †¢ http://education. jlab. org/itselemental/ele037. html [pic]